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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Wing-assisted incline running ： ウィキペディア英語版 Wing-assisted incline running Wing-assisted incline running (abbreviated as "WAIR") is a running behavior observed in living birds as well as a model proposed to explain the evolution of avian flight. WAIR allows birds to run up steep or vertical inclines by flapping their wings, scaling greater inclines than possible through running alone. The WAIR origin-of-flight hypothesis proposes that the nascent wings of theropod dinosaurs were used to propel the animal up slopes, such as cliffs or trees, in a similar manner to that employed by modern birds, and that powered flight eventually evolved from this usage. During its proposal, it was suggested that WAIR might have plausibly been used by feathered theropods like ''Caudipteryx'' to develop aerial flight.〔 ==WAIR in living birds== Wing-assisted incline running has been studied extensively in chicks of the chukar partridge (''Alectoris chukar''),〔〔〔 and has been observed in juveniles and adults of other species of Galliformes as well as the rock dove (''Columba livia'').〔 In chukar chicks, WAIR was experimentally demonstrated by comparing maximum inclines ascended by normal chicks to those with wing feathers trimmed or plucked entirely. On both smooth and rough surfaces, normal chicks were able to run up much steeper slopes than the other two groups, reaching maximum angles of 105° from the horizontal. Chicks used running alone at slopes up to 45°, then employed wing-flapping at greater slopes, and maximum slope successfully scaled increased with age.〔 When baby chukars hatch, they have not yet developed their flight feathers. As the babies develop, it takes approximately one week for feathers to appear, and about three weeks for the ability to fly. As the baby chukars grow and before flying for the first time, they utilize WAIR as a transition to adult flight. WAIR has also been studied in the Australian brushturkey (''Alectura lathami''), although maximum slope decreased with age, such that hatchlings could scale greater slopes (up to 110°) than adults (up to 70°). In rock doves, adults employ WAIR at angles greater than 65°.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wing-assisted incline running」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.